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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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  1. Home
  3. Neuroimaging Features Of Immune-related Adverse Events Due To Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.
  1. Home
  3. Neuroimaging Features Of Immune-related Adverse Events Due To Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy.

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Neuroimaging features of immune-related adverse events due to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.

Arian Lasocki1,2,3, Lavinia Spain4,5

  • 1Department of Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. arian.lasocki@petermac.org.

Insights Into Imaging
|June 12, 2025

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). This review highlights neurologic irAEs detectable via neuroimaging, aiding diagnosis and patient care.

Keywords:
Immune checkpoint inhibitorsImmune-related adverse eventsMagnetic resonance imagingMeningoencephalitisVasculitis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used in cancer therapy.
  • ICIs enhance anti-tumour immune responses by blocking inhibitory checkpoint receptors on T cells.
  • Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are common, affecting multiple organ systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review immune-related adverse events (irAEs) identifiable on neuroimaging.
  • To provide practical diagnostic tips for optimizing the identification of neurologic irAEs.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering neurologic irAEs for timely management and improved patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Educational review of neuroimaging findings in immune-related adverse events.
  • Discussion of clinical considerations for diagnosing neurologic irAEs.
  • Illustration of various neurologic irAEs, including hypophysitis, meningitis, encephalitis, vasculitis, demyelinating syndromes, and neuritis.

    • Main Results:

    • Hypophysitis is the most common endocrine irAE seen on neuroimaging, presenting as transient pituitary enlargement.
    • True neurologic irAEs are rare but diverse, including meningitis, encephalitis, vasculitis, demyelination, and neuritis.
    • Some neurologic irAEs may not have neuroimaging findings, while others have variable imaging presentation.

    Conclusions:

    • Neuroimaging plays a crucial role in diagnosing a range of immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
    • Recognizing the spectrum of neuroimaging findings in irAEs is vital for appropriate clinical management.
    • Integrating clinical context with neuroimaging is essential for accurate diagnosis of neurologic irAEs.