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When a drug is taken orally, it undergoes a journey starting from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, passing through the portal vein, reaching the liver, and finally entering the systemic circulation. This process involves the absorption of the drug across the GI tract. The liver is the primary site for metabolizing the drug, with some metabolism also occurring in the gut wall. This journey significantly reduces the quantity of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation, a phenomenon known as...
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Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
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Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Physicochemical Parameters01:22

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The physicochemical characteristics of drugs play a crucial role in formulating stable and bioavailable drug products. The solubility of a drug, governed by the varying pH along the GI tract and its dissociation constant (pKa), is pivotal in determining its ionization state and absorption rate. Notably, weak acids and bases remain unionized and are absorbed more rapidly.
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The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
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Do Liposomal Vitamin C Formulations Have Improved Bioavailability? A Scoping Review Identifying Future Research

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|June 12, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Liposomal vitamin C shows significantly higher bioavailability than non-liposomal forms, with nine studies indicating increased absorption. Further research is needed on excretion, cellular uptake, and biological effects.

Keywords:
ascorbic acidbioavailabilityleukocytesliposomal vitamin Cvitamin C

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Science
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Vitamin C (ascorbate) is essential for human health.
  • Increased bioavailability of vitamin C is relevant for individuals with higher requirements.
  • Liposomal formulations encapsulate ascorbate within lipids to potentially enhance absorption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and assess studies comparing the bioavailability of liposomal versus non-liposomal ascorbate.
  • To identify pharmacokinetic data from relevant research.
  • To determine the efficacy of liposomal vitamin C formulations.

Main Methods:

  • A scoping review of studies was conducted using database and manual searches.
  • Ten studies met the inclusion criteria.
  • Pharmacokinetic data, including Cmax and AUC, were extracted from the selected trials.

Main Results:

  • Nine out of ten studies demonstrated higher bioavailability for liposomal ascorbate compared to non-liposomal forms.
  • Liposomal ascorbate showed 1.2-5.4-fold higher Cmax and 1.3-7.2-fold higher AUC.
  • Significant variability in formulations, doses, and collection times made direct comparisons challenging.

Conclusions:

  • Liposomal vitamin C generally exhibits superior bioavailability.
  • Further research is required to assess ascorbate elimination, in vivo cellular uptake, and biological effects.
  • Future studies should investigate participants with low baseline vitamin C status.