Managing LEATs in Patients with Refractory and Non-Refractory Epilepsy

Background Long-term/low grade epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs) compose a complex group of low-grade brain neoplasms associated with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, primarily affecting pediatric and adolescent populations. LEATs exhibit significant epileptogenic potential, profoundly impacting patients' neurological and psychosocial outcomes. Advances in molecular pathology, particularly the identification of BRAF V600E and FGFR1 mutations, have enhanced the classification and understanding of these tumors, opening potential avenues for targeted therapies. Summary This review synthesizes current knowledge on LEAT biology, epileptogenesis, and clinical manifestations, highlighting the tumor microenvironment's role in seizure generation through disrupted neurotransmitter signaling, inflammatory processes, and network hyperexcitability. The integration of advanced neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and molecular diagnostics has refined LEAT detection and classification, improving surgical decision-making. Surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment, with seizure freedom rates exceeding 80% when combined with tailored epilepsy surgery. However, variability in surgical outcomes underscores the need for individualized approaches, incorporating emerging minimally invasive techniques, such as laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT), and neuromodulation strategies. Key Messages Despite advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of LEATs, key challenges remain, including refractory epilepsy, malignant progression, and the long-term impact of LEATs on cognitive function. Future research aims to refine the molecular and histopathological classification of LEATs, develop predictive biomarkers for seizure outcomes, and explore precision therapies targeting tumor-associated epileptogenesis. As the field evolves, a multidisciplinary approach integrating surgery, molecular therapeutics, and neurorehabilitation will be essential in optimizing patient outcomes.