Gender- and Age-Associated Variations in the Prevalence of Atelectasis, Effusion, and Nodules on Chest Radiographs: A...

Background: Chest radiography remains a cornerstone of thoracic imaging; however, the influence of patient demographics and technical factors on radiologic findings is not yet fully understood. This study investigates how gender, age, and radiographic projection affect the prevalence of three common findings: atelectasis, pleural effusion, and pulmonary nodules. Methods: We analyzed 112,120 frontal chest radiographs from the publicly available NIH ChestX-ray8 dataset. Gender-specific prevalence rates were compared using chi-square tests and unadjusted odds ratios (ORs). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the independent effects of gender, age, and projection (posteroanterior [PA] vs. anteroposterior [AP]), including interaction terms. Results: Atelectasis and nodules were more prevalent in male patients, with unadjusted rates of 10.9% and 5.8% versus 9.5% and 5.4% in females. While the difference in nodules' prevalence was not statistically significant (OR = 0.96, p = 0.16), multivariable analysis showed a significant association (adjusted OR = 1.378, 95% CI 1.157-1.641; p = 0.0003). Pleural effusion showed no significant gender difference (11.7% vs. 12.1%; OR 0.97, p = 0.10). Increasing age was consistently associated with higher odds of all findings (ORs per year: 1.016-1.012; all p < 0.0001). The PA view reduced the odds of atelectasis (OR 0.59) and effusion (OR 0.60), but increased the odds of detecting nodules (OR 1.31). Interaction terms showed minor but statistically significant gender-related differences in age effects. Conclusions: Gender, age, and radiographic projection substantially affect the radiographic detection of frequently observed thoracic abnormalities. These findings are directly relevant for improving clinical diagnostic accuracy and for reducing demographic and technical biases in AI-based radiograph interpretation, particularly in critical care and screening settings.