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  11. Association Of Food-specific Glycemic Load And Distinct Dietary Components With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Within A Mediterranean Dietary Pattern: A Prospective Cohort Study

Association of Food-Specific Glycemic Load and Distinct Dietary Components with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Within a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern: A Prospective Cohort Study

Antigoni Tranidou1,2, Antonios Siargkas1,2, Emmanouela Magriplis3

  • 13rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.

Nutrients
|June 13, 2025

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View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Specific dietary patterns within the Mediterranean Diet (MD) influence gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk, not just overall adherence. Glycemic load from certain foods and specific dietary patterns are key predictors of GDM development.

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a significant pregnancy complication with increasing global incidence.
  • The Mediterranean Diet (MD) offers metabolic benefits, but overall adherence scores may not capture nuanced dietary quality variations.
  • Understanding specific dietary patterns within the MD framework is crucial for assessing GDM risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between specific dietary patterns and their glycemic load (GL) within the Mediterranean Diet (MD) framework and the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
  • To determine if detailed dietary patterns provide more insight into GDM risk than general MD adherence scores.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study (BORN2020) involving 797 pregnant women in Greece.
  • Dietary intake assessed via food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy.
  • Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence categorized by Trichopoulou score tertiles; Glycemic Load (GL) calculated for food groups.
  • Dietary patterns identified using factor analysis; logistic regression used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for GDM risk.

Main Results:

  • Overall MD adherence was not significantly associated with GDM risk.
  • Glycemic load (GL) from boiled greens/salads showed a protective effect against GDM.
  • Dietary patterns high in tea, coffee, and herbal infusions pre-pregnancy increased GDM risk.
  • Patterns rich in fresh juice, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and olive oil during pregnancy, and those high in sugary sweets, cold cuts, animal fats, and refined products showed inverse associations with GDM.
  • A pattern characterized by sugar alternatives was associated with a significantly higher risk for GDM.

Conclusions:

  • Evaluating specific food group glycemic impacts and identifying risk-associated dietary patterns within the Mediterranean Diet (MD) context offers greater insight into gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk than overall adherence scores alone.
  • Certain dietary patterns, particularly those involving specific food choices and their glycemic load, are significant predictors of GDM risk.
Keywords:
GDMdietary patternsfactor analysisgestational diabetesglycemic indexglycemic loadmaternal diet

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