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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Drug Discovery: Overview01:26

Drug Discovery: Overview

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Drug discovery is a multifaceted process involving extensive screening, testing, and optimization of lead compounds to identify potential new drugs for therapeutic use. It combines several approaches, including screening large numbers of natural products, chemical modification of known active molecules, identification of new drug targets, and rational design based on biological mechanisms and drug-receptor structure. These approaches are carried out in both academic research laboratories and...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

Preclinical Development: Overview

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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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Emerging Immunotherapy Targets in Early Drug Development.

Daniel Morchón-Araujo1,2, Greta Catani2,3, Oriol Mirallas2,4

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Salamanca, IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Next-generation immunotherapies are exploring novel targets beyond PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 to overcome resistance in solid tumors. This review details emerging immune targets in early clinical trials for improved cancer treatment.

Keywords:
bispecific antibodiescheckpoint inhibitorsearly drug developmentimmunotherapyphase 1 trialtumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has transformed solid tumor treatment.
  • Durable responses to current immunotherapies are limited to <30% of patients due to resistance.
  • Next-generation immunotherapies are needed to address these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of emerging immune targets in early-phase clinical trials for solid tumors.
  • To discuss the mechanisms of action and preliminary clinical outcomes of novel immunotherapies.
  • To explore future directions in the development of advanced cancer immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on novel immune targets and early-phase clinical trials.
  • Analysis of mechanisms of action for emerging immunotherapies.
  • Synthesis of preliminary clinical data and future research trends.

Main Results:

  • Identification of novel immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunomodulators, and bispecific antibodies.
  • Early clinical investigations are exploring these new targets beyond PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4.
  • Preliminary data suggests potential for overcoming intrinsic and acquired resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging immune targets and next-generation immunotherapies show promise for enhancing durable responses in solid tumors.
  • Further clinical investigation is crucial to validate the efficacy and safety of these novel approaches.
  • Expanding immunotherapy strategies beyond current ICIs is essential for improving cancer patient outcomes.