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Mechanism of heat transfer

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...

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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

Published on: May 2, 2016

Simulation and Process Optimization of Online Cooling for S460 Thick Plates.

Guangyuan Wang¹, Zhen Wang², Feng Chai¹

¹Division of Structural Steels, Central Iron and Steel Research Institute, Beijing 100081, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 13, 2025

Summary

Optimizing thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP) for thick S460 steel plates significantly improved internal toughness. Enhanced cooling strategies reduced microstructural degradation in deep sections, crucial for marine applications.

Keywords:

finite element simulation mechanical properties microstructure process optimization

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Metallurgical Engineering

Background:

Thick S460 steel plates are vital for marine structures like vessels and offshore platforms.
Optimizing their manufacturing, particularly thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP), is critical for performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate microstructural and property variations in 120 mm-thick S460 plates manufactured via TMCP.
To develop and validate an optimized cooling scheme for enhanced plate properties.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of 120 mm-thick S460 plates using TMCP.
Development of a finite element model to simulate the cooling phase and predict internal cooling paths.
Implementation and validation of an optimized cooling scheme.

Main Results:

Initial cooling parameters resulted in poor toughness at 60 mm depth (59 J impact energy) due to ferritic bainite and pearlite.
Numerical simulations confirmed a 1.10 °C/s cooling rate at 60 mm depth under initial conditions.
The optimized process (725 °C, 160 s) increased the cooling rate to 1.36 °C/s at 60 mm depth, improving impact energy to 144 J and refining microstructure.

Conclusions:

Enhanced internal temperature gradients and prolonged cooling durations effectively inhibit microstructural degradation in thick steel plates.
The optimized TMCP cooling scheme provides theoretical and practical solutions for manufacturing superior extra-thick steel plates for marine engineering.