Flavonoids, Chalcones, and Their Fluorinated Derivatives-Recent Advances in Synthesis and Potential Medical...

Flavonoids and chalcones, widely recognised for their diverse biological activities, have garnered attention due to their potential therapeutic applications. This review discusses fluorinated flavonoids and chalcones, focusing on their prospective anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiosteoporotic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic applications. The enhanced biological activities of fluorinated derivatives, particularly the antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer properties, are attributed to the introduction of fluorine groups, which increase lipophilicity and metabolic stability. Key findings indicate that fluorinated flavonoids and chalcones exhibit synergistic effects with antibiotics, inhibit bacterial efflux pumps, and reveal potent antiviral and anticancer properties. However, challenges such as cytotoxicity and structural optimisation have to be addressed. The synthesis of fluorinated flavonoids and chalcones is discussed, with emphasis on various synthetic methods such as condensation and cyclisation reactions starting from fluorinated precursors, as well as fluorination strategies, including the use of molecular fluorine or fluorinating agents. Fluorinated flavonoids and chalcones represent candidates for therapeutic development and have the potential to overcome drug resistance. However, further studies are necessary to adjust their pharmacological profiles.