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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
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Tailoring Polymer Properties Through Lignin Addition: A Recent Perspective on Lignin-Derived Polymer Modifications.

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Lignin, a renewable biopolymer, enhances polymer properties for sustainable materials. This review covers lignin modification, structure-property insights, and applications in eco-friendly products.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science and Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Lignin is an abundant, renewable biopolymer with potential as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based additives in polymers.
  • Recent research focuses on utilizing lignin to improve mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of various polymeric materials.
  • The drive towards greener materials necessitates exploring bio-based building blocks like lignin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review on the incorporation of lignin into diverse polymer matrices.
  • To highlight recent advancements in lignin modification and functionalization techniques.
  • To explore the structure-property relationships and emerging applications of lignin-based polymeric materials.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on lignin modification and its integration into polymers.
  • Analysis of structure-property relationships in lignin-modified polymers.
  • Identification and categorization of emerging applications for lignin-based materials.

Main Results:

  • Lignin functionalization enables the development of high-performance, biodegradable, and recyclable materials.
  • Lignin incorporation can tailor key properties of polymers, offering a sustainable advantage.
  • Successful applications demonstrated in polyurethanes, epoxy resins, composites, films, coatings, and adhesives.

Conclusions:

  • Lignin is a versatile and sustainable resource for developing advanced polymeric materials.
  • Continued innovation in lignin modification and processing will unlock broader applications.
  • Lignin-based materials offer a promising pathway towards a circular economy in the polymer industry.