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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Transcription01:17

Transcription

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Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
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In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation
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Orchestrating Neural Development Through mRNA Translation Regulation.

Brandon Rodrigue1, Mathew Sajish2, Natalina Salmaso1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Neurochemistry
|June 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

mRNA translation is crucial for prenatal brain development, influencing cell fate and neural formation. Dysregulation of this process can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders like autism and microcephaly.

Keywords:
axon pathfindingcortical developmentmRNA translationneural developmentneural stem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Gene expression regulation is vital for neural development.
  • While transcription is well-studied, mRNA translation's role is increasingly recognized.
  • Local mRNA translation in neurons and glia enables rapid environmental responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mRNA translation mechanisms governing prenatal brain development.
  • To identify critical knowledge gaps in this field.
  • To focus on key regulatory pathways like mTORC1, ISR, FMRP, and eEF2/eEF2K.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mRNA translation mechanisms in neurodevelopment.
  • Analysis of signaling cascades impacting translational control.
  • Synthesis of research on mTORC1, integrated stress response, FMRP, and eEF2/eEF2K in brain development.

Main Results:

  • mRNA translation regulates crucial neurodevelopmental processes: cell fate, stem cell proliferation/differentiation, and axon guidance.
  • Disruptions in mRNA translation are linked to microcephaly, cortical malformations, autism, and fragile X syndrome.
  • Specific pathways like mTORC1, ISR, FMRP, and eEF2/eEF2K are key regulators.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA translation is a fundamental control point in prenatal brain development.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is critical for addressing neurodevelopmental disorders.
  • Further research is needed to fill knowledge gaps in translational regulation of the brain.