Advances in engineered models of peri-gastrulation

Studying human development presents significant ethical and technical challenges. Yet, the integration of stem cell technology and engineering tools has provided unprecedented insights into early lineage specification and the morphogenetic events that shape human development. Pre-gastrulation models, such as blastoids, replicate aspects of blastocyst formation and implantation, enabling research on early lineage specification and embryo-maternal interactions. Gastrulation models, including 2D micropatterned systems and 3D gastruloid constructs, provide valuable insights into cell differentiation, signaling pathways, and tissue organization during germ layer formation. Beyond gastrulation, post-gastrulation models, including somitoids, mimicking early somitogenesis and axial elongation, offer opportunities for studying segmentation and neural tube formation. Together, these systems enable investigation into the peri-gastrulation stage of mammalian development. Here, we discuss the integration of engineering technologies, including micropatterned substrates, microfluidic systems, and synthetic biology tools, in enhancing the precision of these models, allowing for a greater understanding of the early stages of human development.