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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

3.0K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
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Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

2.6K
Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction...
2.6K
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism01:26

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism

3.4K
The Hofmann and Curtius rearrangement reactions can be applied to synthesize primary amines from carboxylic acid derivatives such as amides and acyl azides. In the Hofmann rearrangement, a primary amide undergoes deprotonation in the presence of a base, followed by halogenation to generate an N-haloamide. A second proton abstraction produces a stabilized anionic species, which rearranges to an isocyanate intermediate via an alkyl group migration from the carbonyl carbon to the neighboring...
3.4K
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

2.4K
Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary...
2.4K
Plant Hormones01:56

Plant Hormones

23.6K
Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.
23.6K
Key Elements for Plant Nutrition02:35

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

18.7K
Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that are essential for plant functioning, researchers have leveraged a technique called hydroponics. In hydroponic culture systems, plants are grown—without soil—in water-based solutions containing nutrients. At least 17 nutrients have been identified as essential elements required by plants. Plants acquire these elements from the...
18.7K

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Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Transverse Sectioning of Mature Rice Oryza sativa L. Kernels for Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging Using Pipette Tips as Immobilization Support
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Transverse Sectioning of Mature Rice Oryza sativa L. Kernels for Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging Using Pipette Tips as Immobilization Support

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Hydroxycinnamic acid amides in rice: biosynthesis, distribution, function, and implication for crop development.

Rongrong Xue1, Ning Gao1, Jing Chen1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Biosecurity, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|June 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rice plants produce hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs) as phytoalexins to defend against environmental stresses. Understanding HCAA biosynthesis and function can improve crop resilience and yield.

Keywords:
biosynthesisenvironmental stresshydroxycinnamic acid amidemetaboliteplant defenserice

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Science
  • Biochemistry
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a vital global food source, crucial for energy and nutrition.
  • Rice, like other crops, faces significant threats from environmental stresses.
  • Phytoalexins, including hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs), are key plant defense compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current knowledge on rice hydroxycinnamic acid amides (HCAAs).
  • To emphasize the importance of HCAAs in rice stress tolerance.
  • To explore HCAA applications in developing improved crop varieties.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing existing research on HCAAs in rice.
  • Examination of HCAA biosynthesis pathways and regulatory mechanisms.
  • Analysis of HCAA distribution and biological functions in response to stress.

Main Results:

  • HCAAs are phenylpropanoid-derived phytoalexins with diverse roles in plant defense and development.
  • HCAAs are synthesized by inducible hydroxycinnamoyl transferases from free amines and hydroxycinnamic acids.
  • HCAAs play crucial roles in both abiotic and biotic stress responses in rice.

Conclusions:

  • HCAAs are integral to rice's adaptation to environmental challenges.
  • Further research into HCAAs can unlock their potential for enhancing crop stress tolerance.
  • HCAAs offer promising avenues for genetic breeding of elite rice varieties.