Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

12.3K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
12.3K
Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

11.5K
Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
11.5K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

9.3K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
9.3K
The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

16.3K
The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
16.3K
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

14.2K
In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
14.2K
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

3.3K
The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
3.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Sex-specific mitochondrial dysregulation and metformin response in Wilson disease.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Integrating Mitochondrial Biology into Innovative Cell Therapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Brain sciences·2024
Same author

Metabolomic Signatures of Brainstem in Mice following Acute and Subchronic Hydrogen Sulfide Exposure.

Metabolites·2024
Same author

Open-Label Sulforaphane Trial in FMR1 Premutation Carriers with Fragile-X-Associated Tremor and Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS).

Cells·2023
Same author

Calcium-Dependent Interaction of Nitric Oxide Synthase with Cytochrome <i>c</i> Oxidase: Implications for Brain Bioenergetics.

Brain sciences·2023
Same author

Recent advances and new perspectives in mitochondrial dysfunction.

Scientific reports·2023
Same journal

Evaluating the effect of γ-oryzanol on MASLD pathology using a medaka fish model.

FEBS open bio·2026
Same journal

Dose-dependent hepatotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide in HepG2 cells and its modulation by CYP450 induction.

FEBS open bio·2026
Same journal

How phagocytic cells kill bacteria: Lessons from a professional killer.

FEBS open bio·2026
Same journal

MagmaFlow: A desktop platform for artificial intelligence-driven expression analysis.

FEBS open bio·2026
Same journal

A new flow chip in combination with multiphoton microscopy as a protocol for longitudinal 3D imaging of tissue calcification under shear stress.

FEBS open bio·2026
Same journal

Effect of terahertz irradiation on DNA damage repair in living cells.

FEBS open bio·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Ratiometric Biosensors that Measure Mitochondrial Redox State and ATP in Living Yeast Cells
12:22

Ratiometric Biosensors that Measure Mitochondrial Redox State and ATP in Living Yeast Cells

Published on: July 22, 2013

21.0K

Earthing effects on mitochondrial function: ATP production and ROS generation.

Cecilia Giulivi1,2, Richard Kotz3

  • 1Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.

FEBS Open Bio
|June 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Grounding improves mitochondrial function by reducing oxidative stress. This study found that grounded mitochondria produced more ATP and less reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to ungrounded controls.

Keywords:
ATP productionearthinggroundingmitochondriaoxidative stress

More Related Videos

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
08:57

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases

Published on: February 24, 2018

10.1K
Author Spotlight: New Insights into PBMC Mitochondrial Responses Using Fluorespirometry
07:18

Author Spotlight: New Insights into PBMC Mitochondrial Responses Using Fluorespirometry

Published on: May 24, 2024

973

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 15, 2025

Ratiometric Biosensors that Measure Mitochondrial Redox State and ATP in Living Yeast Cells
12:22

Ratiometric Biosensors that Measure Mitochondrial Redox State and ATP in Living Yeast Cells

Published on: July 22, 2013

21.0K
Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases
08:57

Simultaneous Measurement of Superoxide/Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH Production by Flavin-containing Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases

Published on: February 24, 2018

10.1K
Author Spotlight: New Insights into PBMC Mitochondrial Responses Using Fluorespirometry
07:18

Author Spotlight: New Insights into PBMC Mitochondrial Responses Using Fluorespirometry

Published on: May 24, 2024

973

Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial biology
  • Cellular bioenergetics
  • Oxidative stress research

Background:

  • Mitochondria are key for cellular energy and oxidative stress regulation.
  • Conventional assessment methods using metal probes can interfere with mitochondrial function.
  • The impact of grounding on mitochondrial ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of grounding on mitochondrial ATP production, ROS levels, and membrane potential.
  • To compare mitochondrial function under grounded, sham, and naïve conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized fluorescence-based assays to measure mitochondrial ATP and ROS.
  • Compared outcomes in three experimental groups: wired (grounded), sham, and naïve.
  • Assessed mitochondrial membrane potential.

Main Results:

  • Grounded mitochondria showed a significant increase in ATP production (5-11%).
  • Grounded mitochondria exhibited reduced ROS production (22-33%).
  • A decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (5-6%) was observed in grounded conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Grounding appears to enhance mitochondrial bioenergetics.
  • Reducing oxidative stress is a key mechanism by which grounding may improve mitochondrial function.
  • Further research is warranted to explore long-term grounding effects and therapeutic potential.