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    We developed a novel diffractive optical neural network (DNN) for efficient dual-wavelength vector mode de-/multiplexing of vectorial vortex beams (VVBs). This method achieves high performance across many channels, advancing photonic applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Metamaterials and Nanophotonics
    • Optical Communications

    Background:

    • Vectorial vortex beams (VVBs) possess unique polarization and mode properties, making them valuable for advanced photonic applications.
    • Efficient de-/multiplexing of VVBs, especially across multiple wavelengths, is a critical challenge hindering their widespread adoption.
    • Existing methods often struggle with simultaneous control over polarization and spatial modes at different wavelengths.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a novel complex amplitude-modulation metasurface-based diffractive optical neural network (DNN) for dual-wavelength vector mode de-/multiplexing.
    • To achieve full-dimensional control of vectorial optical fields for enhanced de-/multiplexing performance.
    • To investigate the optimization parameters of the DNN for improved efficiency and applicability.

    Main Methods:

    • Design of a complex amplitude-modulation metasurface integrated into a diffractive optical neural network architecture.
    • Implementation of a global optimization framework for precise control over vectorial optical fields.
    • Experimental validation of the DNN for dual-wavelength vector mode de-/multiplexing across multiple channels.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated high mode conversion efficiency and low cross talk for dual-wavelength VVB de-/multiplexing.
    • Successfully multiplexed/de-multiplexed up to 40 channels with full-dimensional control of optical fields.
    • Analyzed the impact of initial values and layer counts on DNN optimization, providing insights for performance enhancement.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed metasurface-based DNN offers a simple and efficient solution for dual-wavelength VVB de-/multiplexing.
    • This approach enables advanced control over vectorial optical fields, paving the way for novel photonic applications.
    • The findings contribute to the development of more sophisticated optical communication and information processing systems.