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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test01:26

Urine Studies II: Urine Culture and Sensitivity Test

A urine culture and sensitivity test is a diagnostic procedure used to identify urinary tract bacterial infections and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. This test is generally preferred when a patient shows manifestations of a urinary tract infection, such as frequent or painful urination, cloudy or foul-smelling urine, or lower abdominal pain.Purpose of the TestThe primary goals of a urine culture and sensitivity test are to:Determine the specific bacteria causing the...
Trichomoniasis01:18

Trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infections in the United States. This extracellular parasite primarily colonizes the lower genitourinary tract in women—particularly the vagina—and in men, the urethra and prostate. Its structural and functional adaptations enable its survival, motility, and pathogenicity within the host environment.Structural Features and Host EntryT.

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qPCR Is a Sensitive and Rapid Method for Detection of Cytomegaloviral DNA in Formalin-fixed, Paraffin-embedded Biopsy Tissue
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Diagnosing past infections: A review.

Mahmoud A Boualam1, Erwan Le Provost1, Michel Drancourt1

  • 1IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, MEPHI, Marseille, France.

Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease
|June 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing ancient infectious diseases has advanced significantly, from skeletal analysis to modern paleomicrobiology and next-generation sequencing. These methods reveal pathogen evolution and transmission, informing future disease prevention.

Keywords:
DiagnosisEpidemiologyMetagenomicsPaleomicrobiologyPaleopathologyPast infections

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Area of Science:

  • Paleopathology
  • Paleomicrobiology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Understanding historical health challenges is crucial for medical research.
  • Early diagnosis relied on observational evidence, skeletal remains, and historical records.
  • Past outbreaks like the Black Death and smallpox offer insights into disease impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of diagnostic methods for ancient infectious diseases.
  • To highlight emerging diagnostic techniques and their applications.
  • To explore the potential of new technologies and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Main Methods:

  • Paleopathological analysis of bones and tissue lesions.
  • Molecular and serological techniques (PCR, serology, immunodetection) for paleomicrobiology.
  • Next-generation sequencing and metagenomics for pathogen genome retrieval.

Main Results:

  • Significant advances in diagnosing ancient infectious diseases.
  • Identification of ancient pathogens through DNA and antibody detection.
  • Retrieval of ancient pathogen genomes from various preserved samples.

Conclusions:

  • Next-generation sequencing and metagenomics are revolutionizing ancient disease diagnosis.
  • Interdisciplinary collaboration is key to future breakthroughs.
  • New techniques like paleocytology and mass spectrometry offer novel diagnostic avenues.