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Related Concept Videos

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

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Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...
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Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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ECG Interpretation of Rhythms01:24

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An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....
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Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...
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Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

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The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...
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Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

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Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
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Unmasking the J-wave: 3D ECG shows terminal depolarization mimicking early repolarization.

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Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
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R-wave progression or R-wave rotation? A 3D ECG-based perspective.

Alejandro Jesús Bermejo Valdés1

  • 1Riojan Health Service, Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.

Journal of Electrocardiology
|June 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new 3D electrocardiogram framework reveals spatial continuity in normal heart rhythms. This method tracks QRS-T morphology, identifying disruptions in conditions like right bundle branch block, aiding cardiac assessment.

Keywords:
3D ECGPrecordial leadsR-wave progression

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Standard electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis relies on planar representations.
  • Precordial deflections are typically viewed as discrete.
  • Assessing R-wave progression is clinically significant for cardiac health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel three-dimensional (3D) framework for analyzing the standard electrocardiogram.
  • To investigate the spatial morphology and progression of QRS-T complexes using this 3D approach.
  • To provide a geometric alternative to traditional planar analysis for R-wave progression.

Main Methods:

  • Applied a 3D spatial reference framework to standard ECG data.
  • Utilized two ECG leads and rotated the reference system to track QRS-T morphology.
  • Analyzed spatial continuity and loop morphology in individuals with and without cardiac abnormalities.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that conventional precordial deflections are projections of a continuous spatial reference.
  • Observed preserved spatial continuity with single, spheroidal loops in individuals without electrical abnormalities.
  • Identified frequent disruptions in spatial continuity during right bundle branch block.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D framework offers a new geometric perspective for ECG analysis.
  • This method effectively tracks morphological progression and identifies abnormalities like R-wave progression disruptions.
  • The approach has potential clinical relevance for assessing conditions linked to sudden cardiac death.