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Related Concept Videos

Self-Schemas02:16

Self-Schemas

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In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

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People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
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Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

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One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
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Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children
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Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Self-distancing in Young Children

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Self-knowledge: Limits, implications, and paths to change.

Isabel Thielmann1, Matthias Burghart1

  • 1Max Planck Institute for the Study of Crime, Security and Law, Germany.

Current Opinion in Psychology
|June 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Understanding oneself is crucial, yet self-knowledge is often limited, particularly in moral traits. Personality feedback shows promise for improving self-awareness and enabling personal growth.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Personality Psychology

Background:

  • Self-knowledge is a long-standing topic of interest, central to personality psychology.
  • Evidence indicates systematic limitations in self-knowledge, varying across individuals and traits.
  • These limitations are especially pronounced in the moral domain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding individual and trait-level differences in self-knowledge.
  • To explore the implications of self-knowledge limitations for intentional personality change.
  • To examine personality feedback as a method for enhancing self-knowledge.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent developments in personality psychology research.
  • Focus on studies examining individual and trait differences in self-knowledge.

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Observing the Transformation of Bodily Self-consciousness in the Squeeze-machine Experiment

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2025

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  • Analysis of research on personality feedback interventions.

    • Main Results:

    • Self-knowledge is systematically limited, with pronounced deficits in the moral domain.
    • Individual and trait differences significantly influence the extent of self-knowledge.
    • Personality feedback emerges as a potential strategy to improve self-knowledge.

    Conclusions:

    • Limitations in self-knowledge, especially regarding moral traits, impact personality change.
    • Personality feedback offers a promising avenue for enhancing self-knowledge.
    • Further research is needed to address challenges and unanswered questions in this field.