Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

4.2K
Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
4.2K
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

6.2K
Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
6.2K
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

3.4K
Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
3.4K
Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER01:32

Export of Misfolded Proteins out of the ER

3.5K
After folding, the ER assesses the quality of secretory and membrane proteins. The correctly folded proteins are cleared by the calnexin cycle for transport to their final destination, while misfolded proteins are held back in the ER lumen. The ER chaperones attempt to unfold and refold the misfolded proteins but sometimes fail to achieve the correct native conformation. Such terminally misfolded proteins are then exported to the cytosol by ER-associated degradation or ERAD pathway for...
3.5K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

3.1K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
3.1K
The Proteasome01:13

The Proteasome

818
Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
In this pathway, the target proteins are first tagged with small proteins called ubiquitin. This involves participation of a series of enzymes including— E1 (ubiquitin-activating enzyme), E2 (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), and E3...
818

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mechanistic studies of autophagic cargo recruitment and membrane shaping through in vitro reconstitution.

Autophagy·2026
Same author

Building the autophagosome: Molecular logic and membrane dynamics of autophagy.

Current opinion in cell biology·2026
Same author

Lysosomal homeostasis at the crossroads of neurodegeneration.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same author

Real-time measurement of the ATG8 lipidation reaction by fluorescence spectroscopy.

Methods in enzymology·2026
Same author

Autophagy Across Scales - From Molecules to Physiology.

Journal of molecular biology·2025
Same author

ATG9A and ARFIP2 cooperate to control PI4P levels for lysosomal repair.

Developmental cell·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: Imaging ATG9A, a Multi-Spanning Membrane Protein
07:20

Author Spotlight: Imaging ATG9A, a Multi-Spanning Membrane Protein

Published on: June 16, 2023

2.0K

ATG9 Not Just an Autophagy Related Protein.

Emily Millard1, Sharon A Tooze1

  • 1Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.

Journal of Molecular Biology
|June 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Autophagy protein ATG9 is crucial for forming autophagosomes and has non-canonical roles in cell homeostasis. Its functions as a lipid scramblase and in vesicle trafficking are vital for cellular health.

Keywords:
ATG9AAtg9autophagymembrane trafficking

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: A Selective Luciferase-Based Assay for Monitoring ATG4B 27 Activity in Cells
09:51

Author Spotlight: A Selective Luciferase-Based Assay for Monitoring ATG4B 27 Activity in Cells

Published on: June 30, 2023

778
Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research
14:08

Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research

Published on: September 9, 2017

9.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: Imaging ATG9A, a Multi-Spanning Membrane Protein
07:20

Author Spotlight: Imaging ATG9A, a Multi-Spanning Membrane Protein

Published on: June 16, 2023

2.0K
Author Spotlight: A Selective Luciferase-Based Assay for Monitoring ATG4B 27 Activity in Cells
09:51

Author Spotlight: A Selective Luciferase-Based Assay for Monitoring ATG4B 27 Activity in Cells

Published on: June 30, 2023

778
Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research
14:08

Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research

Published on: September 9, 2017

9.1K

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Autophagy Research

Background:

  • Autophagy proteins, including ATG9, regulate autophagosome biogenesis.
  • Mutations in autophagy proteins can disrupt this process, leading to cell death.
  • ATG9 is the only transmembrane autophagy-related (ATG) protein, essential for phagophore nucleation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse functions of ATG9 in both autophagy and non-canonical pathways.
  • To highlight ATG9's roles beyond autophagosome formation.
  • To summarize the broader significance of ATG9A in maintaining cell homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on ATG9 function.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms of ATG9.
  • Examination of ATG9's role in various cellular compartments and pathways.

Main Results:

  • ATG9 acts as a lipid scramblase, redistributing lipids across membranes.
  • ATG9-positive vesicles deliver lipid-modifying enzymes, altering membrane composition.
  • ATG9 participates in multiple cellular pathways, including Golgi, plasma membrane, and lysosome functions, as well as immune signaling.

Conclusions:

  • ATG9's lipid scramblase activity and its role in vesicle trafficking are essential for autophagy.
  • ATG9 possesses significant non-canonical functions critical for cell homeostasis.
  • Understanding ATG9's multifaceted roles is key to comprehending cellular regulation and disease.