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Parameter optimisation for mitigating somatosensory confounds during transcranial ultrasonic stimulation.

Benjamin R Kop1, Linda de Jong1, Kim Butts Pauly2

  • 1Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Brain Stimulation
|June 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Peripheral somatosensory confounds during transcranial ultrasonic stimulation (TUS) can be minimized by adjusting pulse parameters and avoiding scalp intensity peaks. These findings offer strategies to improve TUS reliability for research and clinical applications.

Keywords:
Experimental design & controlNeuromodulationPeripheral confoundsPeripheral nervous systemSomatosensory confoundsTranscranial ultrasonic stimulation (TUS)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Transcranial ultrasonic stimulation (TUS) offers precise, non-invasive neuromodulation.
  • Peripheral confounds, particularly somatosensory, are significant challenges in TUS.
  • Somatosensory confounds have been overlooked despite increasing TUS intensity and frequency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Systematically characterize somatosensory co-stimulation during TUS.
  • Identify conditions for effective mitigation of somatosensory confounds.
  • Map the confound-parameter space for TUS.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated dose-response effects of TUS.
  • Analyzed pulse shaping characteristics.
  • Examined transducer-specific parameters.

Main Results:

  • Somatosensory confounds mitigated by avoiding scalp intensity peaks, spreading energy, ramping pulse envelopes, and using longer, lower-intensity pulses.
  • Higher pulse repetition frequencies and fundamental frequencies reduced somatosensory effects.
  • Preliminary evidence suggests particle displacement (strain) drives peripheral somatosensory co-stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • Actionable strategies identified to minimize TUS-induced somatosensory confounds.
  • Improved experimental control for TUS research and clinical interventions.
  • Enhanced understanding of peripheral biophysical mechanisms in TUS.