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Related Concept Videos

Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts— that give the...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

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Osteopathic considerations for breastfeeding women.

Journal of osteopathic medicine·2021
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Osteopathic manipulation to increase lactation quantity: a prospective case series.

Eileen M Conaway1, Arlene E O'Donnell2

  • 1Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine Department, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Cary, NC, USA.

Journal of Osteopathic Medicine
|June 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) showed promise in increasing milk supply for three lactating individuals with hypogalactia. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to confirm these preliminary findings.

Keywords:
OMThypogalactialactationlow milk supply

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Area of Science:

  • Osteopathic manipulative treatment
  • Lactation physiology
  • Human milk production

Background:

  • Limited clinical research exists on osteopathic manipulation's effect on milk supply.
  • Existing galactagogues (herbal and prescription) have potential side effects.
  • Low milk supply (hypogalactia) affects lactating individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) can increase milk supply in lactating individuals with hypogalactia.
  • To explore a non-pharmacological approach to enhance human milk production.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective pilot study involving three participants aged 18-40 years old, 2-28 weeks postpartum.
  • Participants had low milk production (<1 oz/hr) and desired to exclusively breastfeed.
  • Treatment involved a 4-week osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) protocol.
  • Study suspended due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Main Results:

  • All three participants showed an increase in milk production from baseline at each visit.
  • Results are not statistically significant due to the small sample size (n=3).
  • Power analysis indicated a need for 10 subjects for statistical significance.

Conclusions:

  • Osteopathic manipulation shows potential for increasing human milk production.
  • A larger study is required to validate these promising findings.
  • OMT may offer a safe alternative or adjunct for managing hypogalactia.