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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...

Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: Minimally Invasive Ultrasound-Guided Acupotomy in Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment

Author Spotlight: Minimally Invasive Ultrasound-Guided Acupotomy in Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment

Published on: April 26, 2024

Bracing in Osteoarthritis.

Simon Görtz¹, William D Bugbee², Evan Eckersley³

¹Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fernwood Road, 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Clinics in Sports Medicine

|June 13, 2025

Summary

Bracing for cartilage injury and osteoarthritis is underutilized but advancing. New technologies are making joint bracing a viable, low-risk non-surgical option for treatment and prevention.

Keywords:

3-dimensional printing Brace Bracing Knee Osteoarthritis Unloader

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: Minimally Invasive Ultrasound-Guided Acupotomy in Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment

Author Spotlight: Minimally Invasive Ultrasound-Guided Acupotomy in Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment

Published on: April 26, 2024

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Mechanism of Action of Acupotomy in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Mechanism of Action of Acupotomy in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis

Published on: October 20, 2023

Author Spotlight: Fu's Subcutaneous Needling for Knee Osteoarthritis Pain

Author Spotlight: Fu's Subcutaneous Needling for Knee Osteoarthritis Pain

Published on: March 24, 2023

Area of Science:

Orthopedics and Biomedical Engineering
Regenerative Medicine

Background:

Traditionally, bracing for cartilage injury and osteoarthrosis faced challenges due to low patient compliance and limited clinical data.
Underutilization stemmed from perceived ineffectiveness and lack of evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

To re-evaluate the role of joint bracing in managing cartilage disease and injury.
To highlight advancements making bracing a viable non-surgical therapeutic and preventative option.

Main Methods:

Review of recent advancements in 3-dimensional printing for custom bracing.
Integration of biomechanical analysis for optimized joint unloading.
Application of dynamic joint unloading technologies.

Main Results:

Advancements are re-establishing bracing as an effective, low-cost, and low-risk non-surgical treatment.
Bracing shows potential when integrated with other treatment modalities.

Conclusions:

Joint bracing is emerging as a valuable tool for therapeutic, palliative, and prophylactic applications in cartilage conditions.
A data-driven approach combining bracing with other methods can improve outcomes for cartilage disease and injury.