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Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation01:22

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

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Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is...
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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
8.0K
E1 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry02:43

E1 Reaction: Stereochemistry and Regiochemistry

9.3K
One of the critical aspects of the E1 reaction mechanism, as also observed in E2, is the regiochemistry, with multiple regioisomers obtained as products. In the example discussed, the presence of water as a weak base favors elimination over substitution to generate two alkenes. Given that alkenes’ stability increases with the number of alkyl groups across the double bond, typically, E1 reactions lead to the Zaitsev product, for this is more substituted and stable than the Hofmann product.
9.3K
Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis01:07

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

3.3K
Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an...
3.3K
Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides02:23

Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides

7.5K
Ethers represent a class of chemical compounds that become more dangerous with prolonged storage because they tend to form explosive peroxides when standing in the air. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly oxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides.
7.5K
Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes02:35

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

19.4K
In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.
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Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Extraction of Lignin with High β-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield
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β-Etherases in lignin valorization.

Margarita Seeger1, Julian Pagel1, Anett Schallmey1

  • 1Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.

Methods in Enzymology
|June 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Beta-etherases, a type of glutathione-S-transferase, selectively break down lignin

Keywords:
Activity assayEnantioselectivityEnzyme kineticsLignin depolymerizationLignin model substratePH optimumTemperature optimumβ-O-4 aryletherβ-etherase

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Area of Science:

  • Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering
  • Biomass Valorization
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Lignin's complex structure, particularly its prevalent β-O-4 arylether bonds, presents a challenge for efficient biomass conversion.
  • Targeted lignin depolymerization is crucial for developing sustainable biorefinery processes.
  • Beta-etherases offer a promising enzymatic approach to selectively cleave these bonds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of beta-etherase enzymology.
  • To detail methods for beta-etherase production and biochemical characterization.
  • To review the application of beta-etherases in lignin depolymerization strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Production and purification of beta-etherases.
  • Spectrophotometric assays for kinetic analysis and enantioselectivity determination.
  • Enzymatic assays for lignin depolymerization.

Main Results:

  • Established protocols for producing and characterizing beta-etherases.
  • Demonstrated the selective cleavage of β-O-4 arylether bonds in lignin.
  • Highlighted the potential for targeted phenylpropanoid product formation.

Conclusions:

  • Beta-etherases are valuable tools for selective lignin breakdown.
  • Their application in biorefineries can lead to efficient production of valuable chemicals.
  • Further integration with other enzymes can optimize lignin valorization.