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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

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Hitless two-dimensional focal plane switch array based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer-embedded micro-ring resonators.

Zichao Zhao, Zeyu Yu, Qishen Liang

    Optics Express
    |June 14, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
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    This study introduces a hitless two-dimensional focal plane switch array (FPSA) chip for LiDAR. It prevents signal interruptions during beam steering, enabling continuous scanning for improved performance.

    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Integrated Optics
    • LiDAR Technology

    Background:

    • Wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) focal plane switch array (FPSA) chips, utilizing micro-ring resonator (MRR) arrays, offer integrated solutions for light detection and ranging (LiDAR).
    • A key limitation is the potential for channel crosstalk due to shifting MRR central wavelengths, causing discontinuous beam scanning and signal interruption.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and fabricate a novel hitless two-dimensional (2-D) FPSA chip.
    • To overcome the challenge of discontinuous beam scanning caused by wavelength shifts in conventional MRR-based FPSAs.
    • To demonstrate a robust and continuously scanning FPSA for LiDAR and optical communication applications.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a 2x8 Mach-Zehnder interferometer-embedded micro-ring resonator (MZER) array for the hitless FPSA chip.

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    Last Updated: Jun 16, 2025

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  • Characterization of the FPSA chip's beam divergence and field of view (FoV) using single-ended and dual-ended emission configurations.
  • Demonstration of the hitless functionality through continuous wavelength sweeping and application in a free-space optical communication link.

    • Main Results:

    • The developed FPSA chip achieved a beam divergence of 0.18° × 0.05°.
    • A field of view (FoV) of 9.07° × 6.42° was realized with single-ended emission, and 10.75° × 6.42° with dual-ended field-of-view splicing.
    • The hitless function was successfully demonstrated, preventing signal interruptions during wavelength sweeping and in an optical communication link.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed hitless 2-D FPSA chip based on MZER arrays effectively prevents signal interruptions during beam steering.
    • This technology enables continuous wavelength scanning, overcoming a critical bottleneck in WDM-based LiDAR systems.
    • The experimental validation confirms the feasibility and potential of this hitless FPSA for advanced LiDAR and free-space optical communication.