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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator
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Towards a compact soliton microcomb fully referenced on atomic reference.

Mingfei Qu, Dou Li, Chenhong Li

    Optics Express
    |June 14, 2025
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed a simple, compact MgF2 microresonator system for a stabilized soliton comb. This method achieves high frequency stability and repeatability without complex optoelectronic devices.

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    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Optical Engineering
    • Quantum Optics

    Background:

    • Soliton microcombs require precise stabilization for applications.
    • Conventional stabilization methods often involve complex and bulky optoelectronic systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a simple, compact, and fully stabilized soliton comb architecture.
    • To achieve atomic referencing using a rubidium two-photon transition.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a MgF2 microresonator pumped by a frequency-locked laser.
    • Employing piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) for mechanical control of resonator length and phase-locking repetition frequency.
    • Leveraging thermal compensation from a nearby resonance to maintain soliton state.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved comb line stability matching the Rb optical reference (approx. 4 Hz over 100s).
    • Demonstrated superior frequency repeatability (10 kHz standard deviation over six days).
    • Eliminated the need for AOMs, EOMs, auxiliary lasers, and complex optical phase-locking loops.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed method offers a low-power, compact, and practical alternative for fully stabilized soliton microcombs.
    • This simplified approach enhances system compactness and efficiency compared to traditional methods.
    • The high stability and repeatability pave the way for advanced applications of atom-referenced soliton microcombs.