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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Semiconductor Devices
    • Terahertz (THz) Technology

    Background:

    • Quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) are crucial for THz generation.
    • Vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs) offer advantages in beam quality and scalability.
    • Metasurfaces provide a platform for controlling light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate and explore quantum-cascade (QC) VECSELs based on disordered amplifying metasurfaces as broadband, multi-mode THz sources.
    • To investigate the effect of structural disorder on mode localization and lasing characteristics.
    • To enable multi-mode lasing for enhanced THz generation.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of QC-VECSELs with disordered metasurfaces featuring pseudo-randomly varied ridge antenna widths.
    • Comparison of disordered metasurfaces with uniform metasurfaces.
    • Characterization of light-current nonlinearities, angle-dependent emission spectra, and multi-mode lasing.
    • Analysis of the relationship between cavity length and the number of VECSEL modes.

    Main Results:

    • Disordered metasurfaces support highly localized transverse modes with reduced spatial overlap in the QC gain material.
    • Devices exhibit nonlinear light-current characteristics and angle-dependent emission spectra.
    • Broadband multi-mode lasing is achieved, with up to 17 simultaneous modes spanning 680 GHz.
    • The number of VECSEL modes shows an inverse relationship with cavity length due to diffractive losses.

    Conclusions:

    • Disordered metasurfaces are effective for enabling multi-mode lasing in QC-VECSELs.
    • Structural disorder facilitates spatial hole burning, leading to broadband THz emission.
    • These VECSELs represent a promising new class of tunable, multi-mode THz sources.