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Infection

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Transmission-based Precautions I: Contact, Enteric, and Droplets

Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
Contact Precautions:
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Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods

Novel Production Protocol for Small-scale Manufacture of Probiotic Fermented Foods

Published on: September 10, 2016

Probiotic-Based Approaches for Sustainable Control of Infectious Risk in Mass Transport: Current Data and Future

Irene Soffritti^1,2, Maria D'Accolti^1,2, Francesca Bini^1,2

¹Section of Microbiology, Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.

Microbial Biotechnology

|June 14, 2025

Summary

Probiotic-based sanitation (PBS) offers an eco-friendly alternative to disinfectants for controlling pathogens in high-traffic areas. This approach shows promise for reducing infection risks in crowded public spaces like mass transportation hubs.

Keywords:

built environment mass transport microbiome probiotics

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Published on: October 31, 2019

Area of Science:

Microbiology and Environmental Science
Public Health and Epidemiology
Sustainable Technologies

Background:

High-traffic built environments facilitate microorganism transmission and the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms due to conventional disinfectant overuse.
Probiotic-based sanitation (PBS) emerges as a promising biological strategy to mitigate infectious risks in crowded community settings.
Current sanitation practices in high-occupancy areas often rely on chemical disinfectants, leading to environmental and resistance concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

To review existing research on probiotic-based sanitation (PBS) in mass transportation areas.
To identify knowledge gaps and explore future applications of PBS for biocontrol.
To evaluate PBS as a sustainable alternative to conventional chemical disinfection in public spaces.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies investigating probiotic-based sanitation in mass transportation environments.
Analysis of data on the efficacy of PBS against fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens.
Exploration of the potential for developing probiotic-based materials for ongoing biocontrol.

Main Results:

Probiotic-based sanitation demonstrates effectiveness in reducing microbial pathogens in sanitary settings.
PBS presents a viable ecological and economically sustainable alternative to traditional chemical disinfection methods.
Evidence suggests PBS can optimize bioburden control and infection prevention in mass transportation spaces.

Conclusions:

Probiotic-based sanitation represents a paradigm shift towards biological strategies for cleaning high-occupancy environments.
Further research is needed to fully optimize PBS for widespread application in mass transportation and other high-traffic areas.
The development of probiotic-based materials offers a novel pathway for sustainable biocontrol in public spaces.