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Related Concept Videos

DNA as a Genetic Template02:05

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Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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The Nucleosome01:19

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Human DNA is almost two meters long. However, it is compressed inside a tiny nucleus measuring only a few microns in diameter. To make this degree of compaction possible, DNA is organized into several sequential levels so that it can fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Folding and Characterization of a Bio-responsive Robot from DNA Origami
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Complex Donuts: Small Variations in DNA Sequence Dictate Pathway Complexity in DNA Nanotoroids.

Muhammad Ghufran Rafique1, Yihao Wu1, Yutong Shi2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St W, Montréal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada.

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Sequence-specific DNA amphiphiles self-assemble into novel nanotoroids. This discovery enables programmable nanostructure formation, expanding applications in materials science and nanomedicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Natural biopolymers form higher-order structures via sequence and chemistry.
  • Nucleic acids assemble into nanostructures using base-pairing, but have limited chemical diversity.
  • DNA amphiphiles use non-nucleosidic modifications for orthogonal interactions and diverse morphologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sequence-dependent self-assembly of DNA amphiphiles.
  • To explore the formation of non-equilibrium nanostructures programmed by DNA sequence.
  • To introduce a new class of DNA-based nanotoroid materials.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized DNA amphiphiles with specific single-stranded DNA sequences.
  • Induce self-assembly and characterized resulting morphologies (spheres, fibers, nanosheets, nanotoroids).
  • Utilized molecular dynamics simulations to understand toroid formation mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Precise single-stranded DNA sequences, independent of base-pairing, program DNA amphiphile morphology.
  • Small sequence variations induce non-equilibrium DNA nanotoroids via a competitive mechanism.
  • Nanotoroid formation depends on the end-p stacking unit structure.

Conclusions:

  • DNA sequence alone can program self-assembled nanostructure morphology, similar to proteins.
  • Introduced DNA nanotoroids as a new class of materials with sequence-controlled assembly.
  • Potential applications include cell delivery, nano-filtration, nanoreactors, and materials templation.