Exploring genetic modifiers influencing adult eating behaviour: A scoping review

Disruptive eating behaviors can negatively impact psychological well-being and increase the risk of metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. While behavioral strategies remain central to dietary interventions, emerging research highlights genetic factors, particularly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as contributors to individual differences in eating behaviors. This scoping review maps existing research on genetic modifiers of adult eating behaviors, identifying key variants and genetic predispositions. An extensive systematic search was conducted across 12 electronic databases, including PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, alongside relevant grey literature. Sixty-five studies published from 2014 to April 2024 met inclusion criteria. Data were synthesized using Covidence and NVivo for thematic mapping. Studies were eligible if they utilized genotyping to examine genetic markers, variations, or SNPs in relation to adult eating behaviors using validated questionnaires and/or dietary interventions. Six key themes emerged: taste perception; appetite and satiety; emotional eating; disinhibition; food timing and eating habits; and snacking, craving and binge eating. Frequently studied genes included CD36, MC4R, FTO, TAS1R, TAS2R, SLC4A5, SLC6A2, SLC6A4, DRD2, CLOCK, ADIPOQ and CA6, with some studies incorporating genetic risk scores. Across reviewed studies, there was a female predominance (female-to-male ratio of 1.6:1), while older adults were underrepresented (mean age: 35.2 ± 8.4 years). Cross-sectional study designs (58 %), highlighted a methodological gap, underscoring the need for longitudinal research to explore causality. This review provides valuable insights into the genetic underpinnings of eating behaviors and emphasizes the need for future research in more diverse populations to support precision nutrition strategies.