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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Probability Laws01:49

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Overview
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Rh Blood Group01:19

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The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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  1. Home
  3. Research Domains
  5. Health Sciences
  7. Midwifery
  9. Psychosocial Aspects Of Childbirth And Perinatal Mental Health
  11. Infants Of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen-positive Women Of Black Ethnicity In The Uk May Be At Risk Of Acquiring Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1.
  1. Home
  3. Research Domains
  5. Health Sciences
  7. Midwifery
  9. Psychosocial Aspects Of Childbirth And Perinatal Mental Health
  11. Infants Of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen-positive Women Of Black Ethnicity In The Uk May Be At Risk Of Acquiring Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1.

Related Experiment Video

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice
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Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

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Infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive women of Black ethnicity in the UK may be at risk of acquiring human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1.

Daniel Bradshaw1, Panida Silalang2, Nick Andrews2

  • 1UK Health Security Agency, London NW9 5EQ, UK; National Institute for Health and Care Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Blood Borne and Sexually Transmitted Infections at UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK.

The Journal of Infection
|June 14, 2025

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.
Keywords:
Antenatal ScreeningHepatitis B Virus (HBV)Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)Infections in Pregnancy

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Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in Hepatitis B Virus Detection
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Vertical Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) transmissions are likely occurring in the UK. Enhanced public health interventions are needed to prevent neonatal infections, particularly among Black ethnicity women.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The UK's antenatal screening and neonatal immunisation programme effectively prevents vertical Hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmissions.
  • The occurrence of vertical Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) transmissions in the UK remains uninvestigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the seroprevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 among individuals identified through enhanced antenatal surveillance for Hepatitis B.
  • To assess the potential for avoidable vertical HTLV-1 transmissions in the UK population.

Main Methods:

  • An enhanced antenatal surveillance program identified individuals positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen between March 2021 and March 2023.
  • Seroprevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 was determined for 3583 individuals within this cohort.
Vertical Transmission

Main Results:

  • HTLV-1 seroprevalence was found to be 2.2 per 1000 individuals (95% CI 1.0–4.4).
  • HTLV-1 seroprevalence was notably higher in women of Black ethnicity (5.3 per 1000, 95% CI 2.1–10.8).
  • An estimated four infants may have avoidably acquired HTLV-1 over five years, representing a missed opportunity for prevention through breastfeeding education.

Conclusions:

  • Avoidable vertical HTLV-1 transmissions are likely occurring in the UK.
  • Strengthened public health interventions, including targeted education on breastfeeding practices for HTLV-1 positive individuals, are crucial.
  • The findings highlight a gap in current antenatal screening and public health strategies for HTLV-1 prevention.