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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Naïve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-β-containing Protocol
Published on: December 30, 2016
Gut microbiota in regulatory T cell generation and function: mechanisms and health implications
Amit Sharma1,2, Garima Sharma3, Sin-Hyeog Im1,3,4
1Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea.
None:
The establishment and maintenance of immune homeostasis rely on a dynamic, bidirectional exchange of information between commensal microorganisms and the host immune system. At the center of this process are CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which have emerged as pivotal mediators to ensure immunological equilibrium. This review explores the sophisticated mechanisms by which the gut microbiota modulates the differentiation, expansion, and functional specialization of Tregs, orchestrating intestinal immune tolerance to support host-microbiota mutualism. We discuss the role of microbial-derived structural components and metabolites in shaping the immunoregulatory fitness of Tregs. Additionally, we explore the impact of gut microbial dysbiosis, where disrupted microbial-immune crosstalk compromises immune tolerance, contributing to the development of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Finally, we highlight the potential of microbiota-based strategies to recalibrate intestinal immunity and restore immune tolerance.
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