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Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Molecular Ionic Composite Polymer Electrolytes for High-Voltage Batteries.

Jungki Min1, Zhaohui Liang1, Nicholas F Pietra1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Molecular ionic composites (MICs) offer a stable polymer electrolyte for high-voltage lithium batteries, overcoming interface issues. These membranes provide excellent mechanical and electrochemical properties for safer, high-energy battery applications.

Keywords:
Ni-rich cathodeelectrolyte additiveinterface stabilitypolymer electrolytesolid-state lithium batteries

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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Polymer electrolytes are key for safe, high-energy lithium batteries, but face challenges like parasitic side reactions and decomposition at electrode-electrolyte interfaces.
  • Existing polymer electrolytes often require additional liquid components, complicating cell assembly and limiting performance in high-voltage systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel free-standing polymer electrolyte membranes using molecular ionic composites (MICs) to address interfacial instability in high-voltage lithium batteries.
  • To investigate the mechanical, electrochemical, and cycling performance of MICs as a potential replacement for conventional liquid electrolytes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of molecular ionic composites (MICs) comprising a charged rigid-rod ionic polymer (PBDT) and mobile ions from ionic liquids, lithium salts, and additives.
  • Characterization of MIC electrolytes' ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability window (ESW) using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and mechanical properties (tensile strength, elastic modulus).
  • Assembly and testing of NMC811||Li metal cells utilizing the optimized MIC electrolytes to evaluate cycling stability and capacity retention.

Main Results:

  • Optimized MIC electrolytes demonstrated high ionic conductivity (3.21 mS cm⁻¹ at 60 °C) and a wide electrochemical stability window (5 V vs Li|Li⁺).
  • MICs exhibited excellent mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 6.3 MPa and an elastic modulus of 450 MPa.
  • NMC811||Li metal cells with MICs showed good cycling stability, delivering an initial capacity of 212 mAh g⁻¹ and retaining 93% after 100 cycles at 60 °C.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular ionic composites (MICs) present a promising, stable, and mechanically robust polymer electrolyte platform for high-voltage lithium batteries.
  • MICs effectively mitigate interfacial issues, enabling enhanced electrochemical stability and good cycling performance, paving the way for safer energy storage solutions.