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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all of these are naturally occurring, and only a few of them are essential for life. Living matter is composed primarily of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen, with smaller amounts of other elements like calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur. Other elements are also necessary for life but only in trace amounts.
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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
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Copper speciation and total essential trace element levels in Wilson's disease.

Aleksandar Stojsavljević1, Katarina Kozlica2, Ivana Šarac3

  • 1Innovation Center, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
|June 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Wilson's disease (WD) patients show altered essential trace element levels, particularly copper, zinc, and selenium. Long-term therapy impacts these elements and copper species, suggesting potential biomarkers for disease monitoring.

Keywords:
CopperEssential trace elementsSpeciation analysisWilson’s disease

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Medical Genetics
  • Clinical Chemistry

Background:

  • Wilson's disease (WD) is a rare genetic disorder affecting copper metabolism.
  • Impaired copper homeostasis leads to toxic accumulation in organs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare essential trace element levels in plasma and urine of WD patients and controls.
  • To analyze copper (Cu) speciation in plasma and assess therapy impacts.

Main Methods:

  • Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for total element analysis.
  • High-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS (HPLC-ICP-MS) for Cu speciation (Cu-ceruloplasmin, Cu-human serum albumin, Cu-low molecular mass).

Main Results:

  • WD patients exhibited lower plasma Cu, higher plasma Zn and Se compared to controls.
  • Urine analysis revealed higher Cu and Zn, and lower Se, Cobalt (Co), and Molybdenum (Mo) in WD patients.
  • Therapies influenced Zn, Se, and Cu levels; long-term treatment altered Cu-HSA and Cu-LMM fractions.

Conclusions:

  • Essential trace element profiles differ significantly in WD patients.
  • Drug therapies alter trace element levels and Cu speciation.
  • Altered Cu-HSA and Cu-LMM fractions may serve as potential plasma biomarkers for WD.