Comprehensive identification and discovery of novel sterol compounds in Cordyceps sinensis and related species

Sterol compounds, including free sterols, steryl esters, and steryl glycosides, were comprehensively identified for the first time in Cordyceps sinensis, which is a common food and medicinal source in China, and its related species. Natural and cultured Cordyceps sinensis and Bailing and Jinshuibao capsules (common market alternatives with functional properties similar to natural Cordyceps sinensis) were subjected to high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with an integrated filtering strategy. A total of 141 distinct sterol compounds were detected, with 95 compounds identified in Cordyceps sinensis for the first time. The results of this study provide detailed insights into the biological activities, such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, of Cordyceps sinensis. Moreover, it expands the understanding of its bioactive properties, supporting its traditional medicinal value and highlighting its potential applications as a functional food and pharmaceutical resource.