In Situ Analysis for Protein Corona: from Morphology, Composition, Structure to Dynamic Process

Area of Science:

• Nanotechnology
• Biomedical Engineering
• Materials Science

Background:

• The protein corona (PC) forms on nanoparticles (NPs) in biological fluids, critically impacting their behavior in vivo.
• This biolayer influences NP biodistribution, immune response, cellular uptake, and therapeutic outcomes, vital for nanomedicine development.
• Conventional methods often disrupt the native PC structure, especially the soft corona (SC), hindering accurate characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review advancements in in situ analysis techniques for characterizing the nanoparticle protein corona.
• To highlight methods preserving the native state of the PC for accurate composition, structure, and dynamic analysis.
• To underscore the importance of real-time, non-disruptive analysis for understanding the nano-bio interface and improving nanomedicine design and safety.

Main Methods:

• Focuses on in situ techniques that analyze the protein corona without disrupting its native biological context.
• Includes methods for identifying PC composition, visualizing its structure, and monitoring its dynamic evolution.
• Emphasizes real-time, non-disruptive analytical approaches.

Main Results:

• In situ methods provide a more accurate representation of the PC's composition, structure, and dynamics compared to traditional techniques.
• Advances in these techniques enable better understanding of the nano-bio interface.
• Real-time, non-disruptive analysis is crucial for accurate characterization.

Conclusions:

• In situ analysis is essential for accurate characterization of the nanoparticle protein corona, crucial for nanomedicine.
• Further research is needed to address current challenges and improve standardization in PC analysis methodologies.
• Improved in situ characterization will enhance the rational design and safety assessment of nanomedicines.