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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation01:31

Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation

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Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
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Blebs are a type of membrane protrusion formed by the internal hydrostatic pressure of the cytoplasm. Blebs are observed in several cell types, including fibroblasts, immune cells, and single-celled organisms like the amoeba. The primary function of blebs is cell locomotion and apoptosis, but they are also found during necrosis and cell division. The life cycle of a bleb comprises an initiation phase followed by the expansion and retraction phases.
Blebbing Through the Matrix
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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Patterning the Geometry of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colonies on Compliant Substrates to Control Tissue-Level Mechanics
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Beyond biochemical patterning: How mechanical bistability governs robust organoid morphogenesis.

Qigan Gao1, Yuehua Yang1, Haoxiang Yang1

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.

Mechanobiology in Medicine
|June 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Mechanical bistability regulates intestinal organoid shape through lumen-actomyosin feedback. A new 3D vertex model explains how crypt curvature and pressure create distinct organoid morphologies, advancing organoid engineering.

Keywords:
Epithelial mechanicsIntestinal organoidsMechanical bistabilityMorphogenesisVertex model

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Area of Science:

  • Organoid biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Epithelial mechanics

Background:

  • Intestinal organoid morphogenesis is complex.
  • Mechanical bistability, regulated by lumen-actomyosin feedback, is a key factor.
  • Previous models lacked detail on epithelial thickness and lumen pressure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of mechanical bistability in organoid morphogenesis.
  • To develop an advanced 3D vertex model incorporating new factors.
  • To explain previously unresolved phenomena in crypt budding.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel 3D vertex model.
  • Incorporation of epithelial thickness variations.
  • Inclusion of lumen pressure effects and mechanosensitive pathways.

Main Results:

  • The model demonstrates crypt curvature modulates actomyosin localization.
  • Two stable states (bulged or budded) were identified, dependent on mechanical history.
  • The model explains irreversible crypt budding and snap-through transitions.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical bistability is a critical regulator of organoid morphology.
  • The new 3D vertex model provides a framework for understanding epithelial mechanical decision-making.
  • Findings have implications for organoid engineering and developmental biology research.