Role of oxidative stress in prediabetes development

An imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense systems is known as oxidative stress, and it is a major factor in diseases like atherosclerosis, vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and others that are largely caused by elevated oxidative stress. Interestingly, oxidative stress has also been implicated in the progression of prediabetes to type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Prediabetes, characterized by increased blood glucose levels than the diabetes threshold, impacts a substantial portion of the global population. In India alone, the estimated prevalence of prediabetes by 2023 is approximately 15.3 %. Hyperglycaemia, a hallmark of prediabetes, can promote vascular dysfunction by increasing ROS formation and upregulating chronic inflammatory markers. Additionally, oxidative stress contributes to insulin resistance and impaired beta cell function. Various risk factors of oxidative stress are associated with prediabetes development. This review focuses on ROS's role in prediabetes pathogenesis and its risk factors increasing the effect of oxidative stress. Various ROS scavengers were used as oxidative stress indicators, and ROS scavenging has a deleterious impact on disease progression. Lack of study has reported on role of oxidative stress in prediabetes development and this will be the first review covers pathogenesis and impact of oxidative stress biomarker in prediabetes. This review comprises managing the risk factors of oxidative stress would pave the way for the management of prediabetes progression to T2DM.