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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos
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Saliency Models Reveal Reduced Top-Down Attention in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Naturalistic

Sabine Dziemian1,2, Gaston Bujia3, Paul Prasse4

  • 1University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

JAACAP Open
|June 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves impaired top-down visual attention in the combined subtype. Eye tracking reveals reduced top-down control contributes to attention deficits in children with ADHD.

Keywords:
ADHDeye-trackingnaturalistic task-free viewingsaliency modelsvisual attention

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting executive functions, particularly visual attention.
  • The precise mechanisms driving aberrant visual attention in ADHD, specifically the balance between top-down and bottom-up processing, remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in visual attention mechanisms between children and adolescents with ADHD and neurotypical controls.
  • To differentiate the contributions of top-down and bottom-up visual attention to ADHD using eye-tracking technology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized eye tracking in 815 medication-naïve participants (5-21 years) during a naturalistic video viewing task.
  • Employed two saliency models: Finegrained for bottom-up attention and ViNet (deep learning) for top-down attention.
  • Calculated normalized scanpath saliency to quantify the coherence of gaze with bottom-up and top-down saliency maps.

Main Results:

  • Participants with combined ADHD exhibited significantly lower normalized scanpath saliency for the top-down map compared to controls.
  • No significant differences were found in bottom-up saliency between combined ADHD participants and controls.
  • The predominantly inattentive ADHD group did not show significant differences in either top-down or bottom-up saliency.

Conclusions:

  • Eye tracking effectively differentiates between top-down and bottom-up visual attention mechanisms in ADHD.
  • Reduced top-down visual attention is a key factor in the impaired visual attention observed in combined ADHD.
  • These findings highlight the critical role of top-down control deficits in the visual attention impairments associated with combined ADHD.