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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

1.9K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
1.9K
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

79
Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
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Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations01:26

Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations

60
Heart failure (HF) manifests primarily as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention, resulting in peripheral and pulmonary edema. Symptoms may vary depending on which ventricle is more affected, left or right.Left-Sided Heart FailureAlso known as left ventricular failure, this condition results from the left ventricle's inability to fill or eject sufficient blood into the systemic circulation. It leads to pulmonary congestion, which occurs when the left ventricle fails to eject blood effectively...
60
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

59
Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
59
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

43
Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
43
Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: β-Blockers

446
β-adrenergic antagonists, commonly known as β-blockers, block the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (ADR). They have several beneficial effects in heart failure treatment. They reduce heart rate, the force of contraction, and cardiac muscle relaxation. They also slow the atrial-ventricular conduction rate and raise the threshold for arrhythmias. The concentration of β-blockers determines their effects on bronchodilation,...
446

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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in Closed-chest Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion Model in G&#246;ttingen Minipigs and Landrace Pigs
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Post-Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure in Closed-chest Coronary Occlusion/Reperfusion Model in Göttingen Minipigs and Landrace Pigs

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Sex Differences in Heart Failure: A Step Forward.

Sachintha Wijesinghe1, Marie-Luise Dikou1, Ioannis Kasouridis2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust London, UK.

Interventional Cardiology (London, England)
|June 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heart failure affects men and women differently, with increasing prevalence and mortality rates expected. This review examines sex-based disparities throughout the spectrum of heart failure.

Keywords:
Heart failureechocardiographyimagingsex differences

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Sex-based Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) is a critical condition with significant individual and societal burdens.
  • Increasing patient age predicts a rapid rise in HF prevalence and mortality.
  • Existing research often overlooks crucial sex differences in heart failure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review and highlight sex differences in heart failure (HF).
  • To provide insights into how HF manifests and progresses differently in women and men.
  • To inform future research and clinical practice regarding sex-specific HF management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review methodology.
  • Synthesis of existing research on sex differences in heart failure.
  • Analysis across the full spectrum of heart failure, from early stages to advanced disease.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex-based variations exist in heart failure etiology, presentation, and outcomes.
  • Biological (e.g., hormonal) and social factors contribute to these disparities.
  • Current understanding and treatment guidelines may not adequately address these sex differences.

Conclusions:

  • Acknowledging and understanding sex differences is crucial for effective heart failure management.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind these disparities.
  • Tailoring treatment strategies based on sex may improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.