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Sex Differences in Heart Failure: A Step Forward

Sachintha Wijesinghe1, Marie-Luise Dikou1, Ioannis Kasouridis2

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust London, UK.

Interventional Cardiology (London, England)
|June 16, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Heart failure affects men and women differently, with increasing prevalence and mortality rates expected. This review examines sex-based disparities throughout the spectrum of heart failure.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Sex-based Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Heart failure (HF) is a critical condition with significant individual and societal burdens.
  • Increasing patient age predicts a rapid rise in HF prevalence and mortality.
  • Existing research often overlooks crucial sex differences in heart failure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review and highlight sex differences in heart failure (HF).
  • To provide insights into how HF manifests and progresses differently in women and men.
  • To inform future research and clinical practice regarding sex-specific HF management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review methodology.
  • Synthesis of existing research on sex differences in heart failure.
  • Analysis across the full spectrum of heart failure, from early stages to advanced disease.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex-based variations exist in heart failure etiology, presentation, and outcomes.
  • Biological (e.g., hormonal) and social factors contribute to these disparities.
  • Current understanding and treatment guidelines may not adequately address these sex differences.

Conclusions:

  • Acknowledging and understanding sex differences is crucial for effective heart failure management.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind these disparities.
  • Tailoring treatment strategies based on sex may improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.

Keywords:
Heart failureechocardiographyimagingsex differences

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