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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Sputum culture and sensitivity is a medical procedure used to diagnose bacterial infections in the respiratory tract and select the most appropriate antibiotics for treatment. This process involves analyzing sputum samples of thick and opaque secretions produced in the lungs and airways. These samples are collected from patients and then sent to the laboratory for analysis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests

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Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) and Olfactory Function-A Clinical Pilot Study.

C A Hintschich1,2, K Resler1,3, C Brückner1

  • 1Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology TU Dresden Dresden Germany.

Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology
|June 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) showed a non-significant trend toward improving smell in stem cell transplant patients and donors. Further research is needed to confirm G-CSF’s potential for olfactory regeneration.

Keywords:
olfactionsmellstem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Hematology

Background:

  • The olfactory epithelium has regenerative potential, but therapeutic options are limited.
  • Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has shown promise in olfactory regeneration in prior studies.
  • This study investigates G-CSF's effect on olfaction in myeloma patients and stem cell donors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of G-CSF on olfactory function in myeloma patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation.
  • To evaluate G-CSF's effect on olfaction in allogeneic stem cell donors.
  • To explore G-CSF as a potential therapeutic agent for olfactory regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • 40 subjects included: 10 myeloma patients, 10 stem cell donors, 20 controls.
  • Olfactory function assessed pre- and post-G-CSF using the Sniffin' Sticks test (threshold and identification).
  • Comparison of olfactory scores between G-CSF treated groups and controls.

Main Results:

  • Slight, non-statistically significant enhancement in olfactory threshold scores for both myeloma patients and stem cell donors post-G-CSF.
  • No significant improvement observed in olfactory identification scores.
  • No olfactory changes noted in the control group.

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest a potential, though not statistically significant, benefit of G-CSF for olfactory regeneration.
  • Results align with previous evidence supporting G-CSF's role in olfactory repair.
  • Further rigorous studies, including animal models, are necessary to validate G-CSF's therapeutic potential for olfaction.