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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Implantation and Evaluation of Melanoma in the Murine Choroid via Optical Coherence Tomography
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Emerging Techniques in the Treatment of Conjunctival Melanoma

Wendy J Li1, Nandini Venkateswaran2, Michael Antonietti1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, 900 NW 17 thStreet, Miami, FL 33136 USA.

Current Ophthalmology Reports
|June 16, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Conjunctival melanoma (CM) is a serious cancer with increasing incidence. Advances in genetic profiling and targeted therapies offer new hope for improved patient outcomes in managing this challenging disease.

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Conjunctival melanoma (CM) presents a growing global health concern with significant mortality.
  • Understanding the key genetic mutations (BRAF, NF1, TERT) is vital for CM pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenesis, diagnostic difficulties, current management, and novel therapeutic strategies for conjunctival melanoma.
  • To highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and emerging treatments for CM.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on conjunctival melanoma.
  • Analysis of diagnostic advancements including imaging and histopathology.
  • Evaluation of established and experimental therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Key mutations (BRAF, NF1, TERT) are implicated in CM pathogenesis and represent potential therapeutic targets.
  • Advanced diagnostic tools improve early detection and prognosis.
  • Treatment strategies range from surgical excision to systemic therapies, including promising immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Conclusions:

  • Conjunctival melanoma necessitates a multidisciplinary approach for optimal diagnosis and treatment.
  • Integrating genetic profiling and targeted therapies is essential for enhancing patient outcomes.
  • Further research is required to confirm the efficacy of emerging treatments like immune checkpoint inhibitors in CM.
Keywords:
BrachytherapyConjunctival melanomaImmunotherapyMelanocytic lesionsPrimary acquired melanosisSurgical excision

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