Impact of brain regions on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) electroencephalogram (EEG) signals:...

This study emphasizes the importance of using proper combinations of brain area, extraction of features, and machine learning (ML) techniques for electroencephalogram (EEG)-based attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) identification. The effectiveness of EEG-based solutions is determined by the feature extraction method, selection of brain regions, and ML algorithms used.

Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) was employed to identify and analyze ADHD-related abnormalities in EEG waveforms. An analysis of nonstationary and nonlinear time series data using EMD reduces an EEG waveform to a collection of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Random forest (RF), AdaBoost (AB), Naive Bayes (NB), support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and deep belief networks (DBNs) classification techniques were utilized.

Our research showed that RF, EMD based NB, and DBN constantly outperformed on all combinations of brain regions. The EMD-based NB classifier obtained the best score at 87% accuracy on the Frontal Pole (FPO) of the brain as well as on frontal region; second, the RF achieved accuracy at 84% on the Fronto-Central Pole (FCP) of the brain and 83% on the frontal region. The precision, accuracy, and recall of the EMD-based DBN and NB algorithms outperformed those of the other models.

Our technique provides interpretable insights by focusing on particular regions of brain that makes it more applicable and relevant clinically.