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Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Simple Methods for the Preparation of Non-noble Metal Bulk-electrodes for Electrocatalytic Applications
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Transition metal tailored δ-MnO2 with optimized charge compensation for enhanced hydrogen evolution.

Juyin Liu1, Zhipeng Li1, Jianze Chen1

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, 010051, China. zhang_xin2007@imut.edu.cn.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|June 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Transition metals like Ni, Cu, and Zn enhance manganese dioxide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Layered manganese dioxide (δ-MnO2) shows promise for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
  • Poor conductivity and limited active sites hinder its efficiency.
  • Optimizing δ-MnO2 requires strategies to improve electron transfer and intermediate adsorption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the electrocatalytic activity of δ-MnO2 for HER.
  • To investigate the effect of transition metal doping (Ni, Cu, Zn) on δ-MnO2's electronic structure and catalytic performance.
  • To provide theoretical guidance for designing improved transition metal oxide catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • One-step hydrothermal synthesis of X-MO/NF (X = Ni, Cu, Zn) electrocatalytic systems.
  • In situ growth of δ-MnO2 on nickel foam (NF) with transition metal introduction.
  • Electrochemical characterization and theoretical calculations (DFT).

Main Results:

  • Transition metal doping induced oxygen vacancies and unsaturated Mn3+ sites, optimizing electronic structure.
  • Ni-MO/NF, Cu-MO/NF, and Zn-MO/NF achieved low overpotentials of 145 mV, 131 mV, and 115 mV at 10 mA cm-2, respectively.
  • Doping reduced hydrogen adsorption free energy and accelerated surface reaction kinetics, with varying enhancement degrees.

Conclusions:

  • Transition metal doping effectively regulates the coordination environment and electronic structure of δ-MnO2.
  • This strategy significantly enhances HER catalytic activity.
  • The findings offer new insights into optimizing transition metal oxide catalysts for energy applications.