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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

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When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
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Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency01:11

Atomic Nuclei: Larmor Precession Frequency

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The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession,...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Author Spotlight: Optimized Lung MRI Protocol with Computationally Efficient Reconstruction Methods
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Ultra-Low-Field Balanced Steady-State Free Precession MRI at 0.05 Tesla.

Ye Ding, Varut Vardhanabhuti, Fan Huang

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study shows balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) imaging is feasible on a low-cost, ultra-low-field (ULF) 0.05 Tesla MRI scanner. This ULF bSSFP approach offers a cost-effective alternative for soft tissue imaging in underserved clinical settings.

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    Area of Science:

    • Medical Imaging
    • Biophysics
    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging

    Background:

    • High cost and limited accessibility of MRI scanners hinder widespread clinical adoption.
    • Ultra-low-field (ULF) MRI offers a potential solution for cost-effective imaging.
    • Balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) is a pulse sequence sensitive to T2/T1 contrast.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate the feasibility of bSSFP imaging at ULF on a simplified, low-cost 0.05 Tesla MRI scanner.
    • To optimize bSSFP protocols for whole-body imaging in healthy volunteers.
    • To evaluate the dependency of tissue contrast on the excitation flip angle.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a novel 0.05 Tesla whole-body MRI scanner with a permanent magnet.
    • Optimized bSSFP imaging protocols for brain, spine, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and knee.
    • Investigated tissue contrast variations by adjusting the excitation flip angle.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved reasonable image quality and visualization of anatomical structures at 0.05 Tesla.
    • Obtained a spatial resolution of 2×2×6 mm³ with approximately 5-minute scan times per protocol.
    • Demonstrated good soft tissue contrast, adjustable via flip angle, showing predominantly T2/T1 contrast.

    Conclusions:

    • bSSFP imaging is effective and feasible at ULF (0.05 Tesla) due to reduced tissue T1 values.
    • The ULF bSSFP approach provides superior soft tissue contrast compared to CT and ultrasound.
    • This method presents a cost-effective alternative for clinical soft tissue imaging where traditional MRI is inaccessible.