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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Stress and Thyroid Function-From Bench to Bedside.

Katja Petrowski1, George J Kahaly2

  • 1Department of Medical Psychology & Medical Sociology, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, 55128 Mainz, Germany.

Endocrine Reviews
|June 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stress significantly impacts thyroid hormones (TH) via the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Both physical and psychological stressors, including childhood trauma, can disrupt thyroid function and increase disease risk.

Keywords:
environmental stressphysical stresspsychosocial stressstressthyroid dysfunction

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis regulates metabolic activity during stress.
  • Stressors, including physical and psychosocial, significantly affect thyroid gland function.
  • Genetic predisposition can amplify stress responses and impact thyroid hormone levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects of various stressors on the thyroid gland and HPT axis.
  • To highlight the role of thyroid hormones (TH) in stress response.
  • To examine the link between psychological stress, trauma, and thyroid dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental animal and human studies.
  • Analysis of physiological stress responses.
  • Examination of HPT axis regulation under stress.

Main Results:

  • Physical stressors (exercise, starvation, hypoxia) impact thyroid function.
  • Psychosocial stressors like neonatal separation affect HPT axis gene expression.
  • Childhood trauma (sexual abuse) significantly increases the risk of thyroid dysfunction and HPT axis disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Stress profoundly influences thyroid function and HPT axis regulation.
  • Understanding stress-induced thyroid changes is crucial for managing endocrine and psychological health.
  • Further standardized laboratory studies are needed to elucidate stress-HPT axis mechanisms.