The Application of Remote-Controlled High-Definition Capsule Endoscopy in Canine Bladder Examination

This study investigated the feasibility and potential applications of capsule endoscopy for bladder examination using a canine model. Three adult male Beagle dogs underwent surgical implantation of capsule cystoscopes and were divided into three groups, each group with one Beagle: Group A (Beagle A) remained in a fixed supine position for 8 h, Group B (Beagle B) moved freely for 8 h, and Group C (Beagle C) had manually adjusted positions (prone, supine, squatting) for 20 min each. The implanted capsule endoscopes functioned successfully in all dogs. Group A primarily captured images of the bladder base (6 h 27 min). Group B acquired images of the bladder neck and base (7 h 12 min), including dynamic visualization of the bladder neck, prostatic fossa, and external urethral sphincter during natural urination. Group C yielded images of the bladder neck, base, and apex (56 min). The findings of this study demonstrate the ability of capsule endoscopy to provide dynamic, high-quality images of the canine bladder wall and suggest its potential for developing accurate and urodynamic assessments.