Pleural Effusion I: Introduction
Pleural Effusion II: Symptoms and Management
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment
Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy
Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description
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Updated: Sep 19, 2025

Local Anesthetic Thoracoscopy for Undiagnosed Pleural Effusion
Published on: November 10, 2023
Amit Chopra1, Kurt Hu2, David Feller-Kopman3
1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY.
Pleural fluid analysis (PFA) is crucial for diagnosing pleural effusion causes but is often underutilized. This review offers a practical framework to enhance PFA
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