Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Electron Behavior

Electron Behavior

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles attracted to and orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in spaces associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into subshells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
Electrons are found in specific locations outside of the nucleus. The shell in which an electron resides indicates the general energy level of the electron: those closer to the nucleus have less energy,...

Electron Carriers

Electron Carriers

Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...

Electron Configurations

Electron Configurations

Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,...

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Genome-wide CG hypomethylation of the <i>Arabidopsis</i> ecotype Cvi linked to structural variation and RNAi at the <i>VIM4</i>-<i>VIM2</i> locus.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same author

Prevalence and Relative Proportions of MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD in the Republic of Korea.

Neurology·2026

Same author

Red/NIR-Emissive, Cadmium-Free Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Luminescence Mechanisms, and Applications.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Decrease in Nucleated Particles and Cloud Condensation Nuclei Observed across a Range of Environments.

Environmental science & technology·2026

Same author

Deformation- and damage-free transfer of soft electronics onto highly curved and fragile biological surfaces.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Interdisciplinary papers supported by disciplinary grants garner deep and broad scientific impact.

PNAS nexus·2026

Same journal

Dual-mode switchable and reconfigurable Van der Waals phototransistor for multi-state image encryption.

Light, science & applications·2026

Same journal

Weak polarization electric field Ⅲ-N LEDs on polar plane with enhanced efficiency and strong lateral carrier confinement.

Light, science & applications·2026

Same journal

Bi-layer photonic random meta-composite for cryogenic thermal control by ultra-broadband scattering matched reflectance.

Light, science & applications·2026

Same journal

Interferometric scattering for optical tomoslicing of transparent solids.

Light, science & applications·2026

Same journal

Multi-dimensional spatial-temporal projection ultrafast compressed imaging.

Light, science & applications·2026

Same journal

Expanded field of view light-field extended-reality displays with metalens array.

Light, science & applications·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 19, 2025

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

Published on: February 27, 2019

Implementing an encrypted display with the electron-induced colour router array.

Hyoseok Park¹, Minsu Park¹, Yeonsang Park²

¹Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea.

Light, Science & Applications

|June 16, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Electron-induced color routers control light momentum at tiny scales. This innovation enables secure, programmable encrypted displays for advanced photonic applications.

More Related Videos

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Published on: February 29, 2012

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Published on: May 31, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 19, 2025

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation

Published on: February 27, 2019

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Enabling High Grayscale Resolution Displays and Accurate Response Time Measurements on Conventional Computers

Published on: February 29, 2012

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Published on: May 31, 2018

Area of Science:

Photonics and optical engineering
Quantum optics
Materials science

Background:

Current display technologies face limitations in security and miniaturization.
Advanced photonic devices require precise control over light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce electron-induced color routers for manipulating photon momentum.
To demonstrate the potential for programmable encrypted displays with enhanced security.

Main Methods:

Utilizing electron beams to induce dynamic changes in optical properties.
Operating at deep subwavelength scales for high spatial resolution.
Developing dichromatic momentum manipulation techniques.

Main Results:

Achieved active manipulation of dichromatic photon momentum.
Demonstrated the feasibility of electron-induced color routing.
Showcased potential for high-security, programmable encrypted displays.

Conclusions:

Electron-induced color routers offer a novel approach for secure photonic applications.
The technology enables high integration and enhanced security for future displays.
This work opens new avenues in subwavelength photon manipulation and optical encryption.