Interfacial Polarization for High-Performance Triboelectric Devices: Principles, Strategies, and Applications

With the growing demand for sustainable energy solutions and self-powered sensing devices, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have gained considerable attention due to their ability to efficiently convert mechanical energy into electricity with the advantages of simple structure and cost-effectiveness. Among several key factors affecting the performance of TENGs, interfacial polarization has emerged as a promising route to enhance surface charge density and triboelectric output. This perspective discusses the principles of interfacial polarization in dielectric-based TENGs and explores four key strategies for leveraging interfacial polarization to improve triboelectric device efficiency. First, we examine how controlled polymer chain alignment and dipole orientation at material interfaces create optimized pathways for charge transfer. Second, we introduce engineered nanostructures and strategic material compositions that amplify local electric fields through enhanced interfacial polarization effects. Third, we highlight the impact of layered architectures with precisely controlled phase boundaries, enabling superior charge accumulation at interfaces. Fourth, we discuss how systematic optimization of bulk material properties and device geometries contributes to improved overall device efficiency. By integrating these approaches, we establish comprehensive design principles for maximizing interfacial polarization in triboelectric devices. Additionally, we highlight emerging applications enabled by controlled polarization, including self-powered sensors, wearable electronics, and energy harvesting systems. Finally, we address key challenges in understanding and controlling interfacial phenomena, and propose future research directions for next-generation TENGs through interfacial engineering.