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Related Concept Videos

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

118
Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
118
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

4.1K
Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
4.1K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

2.6K
Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
2.6K
Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

9.6K
Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal,...
9.6K
Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

3.2K
Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
3.2K
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.8K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
3.8K

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Ammonia Synthesis at Low Pressure
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Catalysts for Ammonia Electrosynthesis by Nitrogen Reduction: Recent Progress.

Yuanzhe Gao1, Jie Liu1, Yayu Guan1

  • 1Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.

Chempluschem
|June 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Electrochemical nitrogen reduction (eNRR) catalysts are crucial for clean energy and ammonia production. This review covers recent advances in novel catalysts like single atoms and nitrides, highlighting challenges and future directions for efficient eNRR.

Keywords:
ammoniacatalystnitrogen reduction reactions

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) offers a sustainable route for ammonia synthesis and energy storage.
  • Current eNRR catalysts lack the desired activity, stability, and selectivity under ambient conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in novel electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) catalysts.
  • To analyze synthesis, characterization, mechanisms, and performance of various eNRR catalysts.
  • To identify challenges and propose future research directions for efficient eNRR.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on eNRR catalysts.
  • Analysis of catalyst types including single atoms, oxides, carbides, and nitrides.
  • Evaluation of synthesis, characterization, and performance validation methods.

Main Results:

  • Significant advancements have been made in developing novel eNRR catalysts.
  • Various catalyst classes show promise, but challenges in activity, stability, and selectivity persist.
  • Understanding of functional mechanisms is improving.

Conclusions:

  • Highly active, stable, and selective eNRR catalysts are still under development.
  • Further research is needed to overcome technical challenges and optimize catalyst performance.
  • Future directions include exploring new materials and refining synthesis and characterization techniques.